Cartels as businesses, terrorism as a brand, gang violence as an epidemic: 4 talks for rethinking how to stop violence

Business TEDTalks One sign speaker Rodrigo Canales shares that Mexican drug cartels are a big businesses: the CEO of Sinaloa cartel made Forbes’ list of the World’s Most Powerful People. Photo: Ryan Lash

Rodrigo Canales begins today’s talk by bringing us to a very confusing peace march. After a battle between Mexican law enforcement and the drug cartel La Familia Michoacana turned the city of Apatzingán into a battlefield for two days in 2010, the mayor of the town decided to hold a march for peace.Rodrigo Canales: The deadly genius of drug cartels Thousands of citizens showed up. And while half of those at the march wore white and held signs calling for peace, the other half proudly displayed signs and t-shirts supporting La Familia.

Canales shares this story to illustrate a point: “Our current understanding of drug violence and what leads to it is, at the very least, incomplete,” he says, speaking in the TED office.

Over the past six years, 60,000 to 100,000 Mexicans have lost their lives to drug violence. It’s a staggering number, and one that tends to get tuned out by those reading about it in the United States because of the assumption that those killed are all “bad guys” who are somehow involved in the drug trade. But, as Canales points out, aren’t ordinary U.S. citizens involved in the drug trade too? Currently, there are an estimated 55 million users of illegal drugs in the United States and, together, they make up half of the global demand for illegal substances. The value of the drug market in the United States is estimated in the range of $30 to $150 billion.

Drug violence is not just “goons just shooting each other.” This is big business, says Canales. Drug cartels are incredibly complex organizations that have well-defined structures, that are able to coordinate the movement of supplies from all around the world and that must also guarantee the delivery of their product to the lucrative markets in the United States. (Canales notes: it’s not a coincidence that a map of violence in Mexico matches up almost exactly to a map of the most efficient routes of transportation from the north to the south.) Above that, these violent cartels employ brilliant brand management strategies. To hear the unique brand identities of the big three cartels — Los Zetas, Caballeros Templarios (formerly La Familia) and Sinaloa Federation — and the fascinating ways each approaches the task of recruiting and maintaining high public opinion, watch this eye-opening talk.

“These are sophisticated, coherent organizations that are businesses. Analyzing and treating them as such is a much more useful approach,” says Canales.

Canales’ talk offers a powerful analogy for rethinking our approach to fighting drug violence. And it’s very similar to an idea offered by Jason McCue, who has litigated against terrorists and dictators, at TEDGlobal 2012. Jason McCue: Terrorism is a failed brandIn his TED Talk, McCue shared a counterintuitive and underutilized approach to fighting terrorism — to treat it as a brand. In other words: weaken its credibility and reduce its market size.

“What I want us to do [is to] look at terrorism as though it was a global brand, say Coca-Cola,” says McCue. “If you look at it as a brand in those ways, what you’ll come to realize is: it’s a pretty flawed product. It’s bad for your health, it’s bad for those who it affects, and it’s not actually good if you’re a suicide bomber either. It doesn’t actually do what it says on the tin.”

And this, says McCue, is terrorism’s Achilles heel. By getting out there, knocking down terrorism’s brand myth and offering a superior brand — one interested in religious freedom and eradicating poverty — not only will there be fewer terrorist recruits, but fewer people interested in facilitating or financing terrorist operations.

McCue’s idea builds on one that Loretta Napoleoni shared at TEDGlobal 2009 — that barring terrorists’ ability to raise money is key to crippling their destructive power.

Loretta Napoleoni: The intricate economics of terrorismNapoleoni is an Italian journalist, who in 1993 was offered the unique opportunity to meet with members of the Red Brigades, a highly secretive Marxist terrorist organization that thrived in Italy from the 1960s through the 1980s.

“Terrorism is an expensive business,” says Napoleoni, explaining that the grand majority of the members of this organization — and others she has studied since — spent their days raising money rather than plotting or thinking about ideology. “What I discovered is a parallel reality — another international economic system which runs parallel to our own — which has been created by arms organizations since the end of World War II,” she shares.

In this fascinating talk, Napoleoni looks at the growth of this parallel economy, and how it was largely fed by U.S. dollars, often smuggled out of the country through crime and money laundering. She also looks at something very smart that U.S. lawmakers did in the wake of 9-11 to counteract terrorism — that a portion of the Patriot Act addressed finance and gave U.S. officials the right to monitor and investigate transactions. This largely closed the door on money laundering for terrorist purposes. While nefarious activity quickly shifted to Europe, Napoleoni wonders what would happen if this strategy were implemented worldwide.

Even on a regional level, violence adheres to existing social patterns.

Gary Slutkin: Let's treat violence like a contagious diseaseIn his TED Talk, physician Gary Slutkin recognizes how — much like the way trade routes in Mexico map onto channels of violence — that gun violence in cities like Chicago spread in patterns that mirror infectious diseases.

When Slutkin returned to the U.S. after 10 years of working abroad to stop tuberculosis, cholera and AIDS epidemics, he saw that his own country was also being devastated by its own epidemic — gun violence. Instead of working to contain the contagion, however, it seemed that authorities were focusing their efforts on after-the-fact punishment. Those who acknowledged the causative social forces were too discouraged by the overwhelming challenge of fixing homes, families, schools — in short, everything.

But by using infectious disease transmission as a model, Slutkin was able to put a plan into action: the Cure Violence initiative, which uses community intervention designed to interrupt transmission of gun violence, prevent its further spread and to change cultural norms in the process. So far, it’s been remarkably successful, but also extremely challenging to the way that many had viewed the perpetration of violence. “What do you mean, ‘epidemic?’ What do you mean, ‘no bad guys?’ … What do you mean, ‘hiring people who have backgrounds?’” are among his critics’ concerns, says Slutkin.

Canales, McCue, Napoleoni, Slutkin and others who attempt to reframe our understanding of violence face much of this type of resistance. But their perspectives offer hopeful new paths. Because rather than looking at violence from cartels, terrorists and gangs as inevitable, these thinkers see them as harsh realities that can indeed be rolled back — if we dare to approach them from unexpected angles and leverage the very underlying social structures that drive them.

Morton Bast contributed to this piece.

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A comic repeat with video games and violence

An article in the Guardian Headquarters blog discusses the not very clear evidence for the link between computer games and violence and makes a comparison to the panic over ‘horror comics’ in the 1950s.

The Fifties campaign against comics was driven by a psychiatrist called Fredric Wertham and his book The Seduction of the Innocent.

We’ve discussed before on Mind Hacks how Wertham has been misunderstood. He wasn’t out to ban comics, just keep adult themes out of kids magazines.

However, his idea of what ‘adult themes’ might be were certainly pretty odd. This is Wertham’s testimony to a hearing in the US Senate.

I would like to point out to you one other crime comic book which we have found to be particularly injurious to the ethical development of children and those are the Superman comic books. They arose in children’s fantasies of sadistic joy in seeing other people punished over and over again, while you yourself remain immune. We have called it the “Superman complex.” In these comic books, the crime is always real and Superman’s triumph over [evil] is unreal. Moreover, these books like any other, teach complete contempt of the police…

I may say here on this subject there is practically no controversy… as long as the crime comic books industry exists in its present form, there are no secure homes. …crime comic books, as I define them, are the overwhelming majority of all comic books… There is an endless stream of brutality… I can only say that, in my opinion, this is a public-health problem.

The ‘Superman causes sadism’ part aside, this is a remarkably similar argument to the one used about violent video games. It’s not a matter of taste or decency, it’s a public health problem.

In fact, an article in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings had a neat comparison between arguments about 1950s comic books and modern day video games which turn out to be very similar.

Moral of the story: wait for sixty years when the debate about violent holograms kicks off and they’ll leave you to play your video games in peace.

Link to ‘What is the link between violent video games and aggression?’
Link to article on video games and comic panics in Mayo Clinic Proceedings.

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Violence and delusional pets

I’ve just read a striking article recounting cases of violence associated with delusions about household pets. Although the academic paper is locked, a copy is available online as a pdf.

The curious study was published in a 1987 edition of Behavioral Sciences and the Law and includes three extended case studies of defendants charged with aggressive crimes who had “psychotic perceptions and delusions involving their pet animals”.

Several weeks before the alleged killing, Mr. A’s cat appeared to be pregnant, so he made a nesting box for it. He said his wife disliked his cat because of its grey color. One day Mr. A dropped a jar of molasses, thereby spilling the contents. He lamented to himself that he no longer had control over picking up and holding objects. Upon seeing the cat’s strange green eyes, he concluded that voodoo was being perpetrated against him through the cat as a medium, and the cat was therefore responsible for his loss of control. It occurred to him that Cleopatra and the ancient Egyptians were surrounded by cats. He associated cats with the ancient past and evil spirits. He decided to shoot the cat in order to “break the spell” against him. However, killing his cat failed to dispel his sense of being fragmented and persecuted.

From the time he shot his cat until his wife was mortally shot several days later, Mr. A’s psychosis worsened; his thinking became more disorganized and lacking in reality adherence. Time seemed to have stopped. He perceived a striking deterioration in his wife’s appearance. “She looked so grey (her criticism of the cat), like a craven image… she looked sick.”

The author notes that the first description of this phenomenon was actually in the Edgar Allen Poe short story The Black Cat where the narrator develops delusions about his cat and eventually kills his wife.

Many thanks to Keith Laws for finding this unusual footnote in the forensic psychiatry literature.

pdf of article on violence and pet delusions (via @Keith_Laws)
Link to locked academic paper in journal.

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A civil response to violence: Emiliano Salinas on TED.com

In this passionate talk from TEDxSanMigueldeAllende that’s already caused a sensation in Mexico, Emiliano Salinas, son of former president Carlos Salinas de Gortari, confronts the current climate of violence in Mexico — or rather, how Mexican society responds to it. He calls on ordinary citizens to move from denial and fear to peaceful, community-based action. This is the first talk posted on TED.com that was delivered in a language other than English. (It has English subtitles by default. Translated by Carolina Montero and Sebastian Betti.) (Recorded at TEDxSanMigueldeAllende, November 2010 in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico. Duration: 12:17)

Watch Emiliano Salinos’ talk on TED.com, where you can download it, rate it, comment on it and find other talks and performances from our archive of 900+ TEDTalks.

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In search of invisible violence

NPR Radio covers an amazing inattentional blindness experiment that investigated how easy it is to miss a vicious beating in the street – after a policemen was convicted of ignoring an attack during a pursuit.

Inattentional blindness is the phenomenon where we don’t notice something seemingly obvious because we are paying attention to some other details.

It was most famously demonstrated by the ‘gorillas in our midst’ experiment where observers asked to count the number of passes between basketball players fail to notice a man in a monkey suit walking though the action.

Following a policeman’s conviction for supposedly ‘keeping quiet’ about a beating that he ran past while in pursuit of someone else, the same researchers wanted to know whether people asked to follow a jogger and monitor their behaviour would miss a simulated attack in the street.

Then about a minute in the run, slightly off to the side, [researchers] Chabris and Simons had three students stage a fight.

“We had two students beating up a third, punching him and kicking him and throwing him to the ground,” Chabris says.

The question was whether the students would see the fight, and under the conditions — nighttime — that most closely resembled [policemen] Conley’s experience. The numbers were shockingly low.

“Only about a third of the subjects reported seeing the fight that we had staged,” says Chabris.

It’s a brilliant piece of applied research, a great report with an amazing backstory, and the full text of the study is available online if you want more details.

Link to NPR report.
Link to full text of study.

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